Jason Carr History Impressions: Twelfth Century Renaissance. Charles R. Young, editor. This collection of opinion is a bewildering introduction to the subject of the 12th Century Renaissance. It seems to be a compendium of academic temperament rather as much as a primer on Medieval culture. Even on subjects potentially interesting to me some of the acamedicians seem to take on an obscurantist stance. While reading William Hechscher's piece on the Medieval toleration of pagan elements I had to check my pages regularly to reassure myself I was still reading the same essay. This example sticks out because it is generally more confusing than the others. If the entire collection were steeped in this much esoterica then I would understand that perhaps I just wasn't up to the reading. There is a possibility that Young selected this essay to instruct, and also to jab at solipsistic academics. Young knew that his students would be thrown: "The greatest conceivable distance, the highest degree of resignation, and at the same time the most sweeping 'all-round' view of what Roman and Pagan Antiquity may have meant in the Middle Ages, is found in the often discussed Roma and Item de Roma of the cleric Hildebert of Lavardin (died 1133) who was a pessimist in matters of renovatio."<1> If Young thought everyone would be able to power through muddy statements such as this, he would have also felt no need to remind us who Seneca was.<2> The reader becomes the unintentional moderator between contestants in semantic skirmishes about the meaning of the word Renaissance itself. One is reminded of the advice given Alice: my words will mean whatever I wish them to mean. It is a question of who is going to be the master, I or my words. It seems that, given number of essays starting out with arguments of definition, that a preliminary and companion text should be devoted to the subject. Charles Young seems to be aware of this problem, and hints at some sort of recipe for accord. "Although [Kristeller's] lecture was addressed to the problem of understanding the Italian Renaissance, his comments might apply with equal validity to the differences that have divided scholars in their interpretation of the twelfth-century renaissance."<3> Young ends his collection with Kristeller as an attempt to apply a healing balm to delicate academic skins, and also to the problems which they have addressed. NOTES NOTES <1> page 61 <2> page 45 <3> page 108. http://www.mousetrap.net/~mouse/uta/